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Muhammad al-Ashmar
Muhammad al-Ashmar (1892-1960) was a Syrian rebel commander during the Great Syrian Revolt and the 1936-1939 Arab revolt in Palestine, and a prominent communist figure in post-independence Syria.〔Pierret, 2013, p. ( 176 )〕
==Early life and career==
Al-Ashmar was born in the al-Midan quarter of Damascus in 1892 during the Ottoman era. He served in the Ottoman Army during World War I.〔Atiyeh, 1988, p. ( 250 )〕 He spent much of his early life studying Islamic theology. France gained control of Syria in 1918, establishing a mandate over the country in 1920.〔Moubayed, 2006, p. (367 )〕 By then, al-Ashmar became a prominent Muslim ''sheikh'' based in al-Midan.〔 Al-Ashmar gathered about 40-50 of his men from al-Midan to form part of the civilian volunteer units backing the Syrian forces against the invading French Army at the Battle of Maysalun on 24 July.〔Gelvin, p. 116.〕 According to Sami Moubayed, al-Ashmar joined Ibrahim Hananu's militia based in the region of Aleppo.〔
Al-Ashmar was arrested in 1922 for his earlier participation in the countrywide rebellions and exiled to the southern Hauran region. He managed to return to northern Syria to partake in anti-French activities in the Syrian Coastal Mountains. He was exiled to Amman in Transjordan in 1923.〔
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